NEGATIVE (GRAVITY) HEAD OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

POSITIVE STATIC HEAD
The parabolic shape of the system curve is again determined by the friction losses through the system including all bends and valves. But in this case there is a positive static head involved. This static head does not affect the shape of the system curve or its "steepness", but it does dictate the head of the system curve at zero flow rate.

The operating point is at the intersection of the system curve and pump curve. Again, the flow rate can be reduced by throttling the discharge valve.

Fig. 2 Positive Suction Head

NEGATIVE (GRAVITY) HEAD
In the illustration below, a certain flow rate will occur by gravity head alone. But to obtain higher flows, a pump Is required to overcome the pipe friction losses in excess of "H" - the head of the suction above the level of the discharge. In other words, the system curve is plotted exactly as for any other case involving a static head and friction head, except the static head is now negative. The system curve begins at a negative value and shows the limited flow rate obtained by gravity alone. More capacity requires extra work.

Fig. 3 Negative (Gravity) Head

MOSTLY LIFT- LITTLE FRICTION HEAD
The system head curve in the illustration below starts at the static head "H" and zero flow. Since the friction losses are relatively small (possibly due to the large diameter pipe), the system curve is "flat". In this case. the pump is required to overcome the comparatively large static head before it will deliver any flow at all.

Fig. 4 Mostly Lift - Little Fricition Head

*Hydraulic losses in piping systems are composed of pipe friction losses, valves, elbows and other fittings, entrance and exit losse (these to the entrance and exit to and from the pipeline normally at the beginning and end not the pump) and losses from changes in pipe size by enlargement or reduction in diameter.